Hiroshi Kuraishi1, Junta Sugiyama1 and Yuzo Yamada2
1. Institute of Applied Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1, Yayoi-1 chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japam
2. Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836, Ohya, Shizuoka 422, Japan
(Received on September 30, 1991)
It is well known that quinone molecules, especially ubiquinone (Q) and menaquinone (MK), having various numbers of isoprene units and saturation degrees in the side chain, are an excellent tool for the circumscription and identification of genera in bacterial taxonomy (Yamada et al., 1969; Collins et al., 1979; Oyaizu and Komagata, 1981; Katayama-Fujimura et al., 1982) For yeasts and yeast-like fungi, ubiquinone systems have been adopted as a useful taxonomic criterion at the generic level (Yamada and Kondo, 1973; Yamada et al., 1986; Sugiyama et al., 1985; Nakase and Suzuki, 1986; Yamada et al., 1987). Kuraishi et al. (1985) determined the general distribution of ubiquinone systems in representative species in the major families of the Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina and stated that the ubiquinone system was very useful in the classification of fungal taxa and in the elucidation of their genealogy. Suzuki and Nakase (1986) showed that the genus Sporothrix was heterogeneous with regard to isoprene units in its ubiquinone molecules. Sugiyama et al. (1988) found that the smut and rust fungi had Q-10 and Q-9 systems, respectively, and evaluated the usefulness of the ubiquinone systems in systematics of both fungal groups. Kuraishi et al. (1990 and 1991) reported that the isoprene units of ubiquinones were highly correlated to morphological and physiological characteristics in the infrageneric taxa of Aspergillus and Penicillium and their related genera, and discussed the relationship between infrageneric taxa and ubiquinone systems.
To date, the ubiquinone systems have been determined in a considerably large number of fungal species and their varieties by several investigators. In this paper, data on hitherto published ubiquinone systems of fungal taxa are collected and presented alphabetically in order to provide a basis of fungal systematics and to be an aid for the identification of isolates. Strain numbers are also listed to point out the possible heterogeneity in taxon or misidentification and to reduce reduntant experiments.
Where one type of ubiquinone molecule constituted more than 90% of the types found in a particular species, it was considered to be the major quinone type, and the composition was not given. The method used for determination of ubiquinone molecules could be referred to by individual literature in the references.
All filamentous and yeast-like fungi arranged in this table are 1211 samples (1182 living strains and 29 fruit-body specimens) assigned to 595 species including 42 varieties and 226 genera.
REFERENCES
Collins, M. D., M. Goodfellow and D. E. Minnikin. Isoprenoid quinones in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 110:127-136(1979).
Katayama-Fujimura, Y., N. Tsuzaki and H. Kuraishi. Ubiquinone, fatty acids and DNA base composition determination as a guide to taxonomy of the genus Thiobacillus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128:1599-1611(1982).
Kuraishi, H., M. Aoki, M. Itoh, Y. Katayama, J. Sugiyama and J. I. Pitt. Distribution of ubiquinones in Penicillium and related genera. Mycol. Res. 95:705-711(1991).
Kuraishi, H., M. Itoh, N. Tsuzaki, Y. Katayama, T. Yokoyama and J. Sugiyama. The ubiquinone system and a taxonomic aid in Aspergillus and its teleomorphs. In R. A. Samson and J. I. Pitt(ed.), Modern Concepts in Penicillium and Aspergillus Classification, pp. 407-420, Plenum Press, New York (1990).
Kuraishi, H., Katayama-Fujimura, J. Sugiyama and T. Yokoyama, Ubiquinone systems in fungi. I. Distribution of ubiquinones in the major families of ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes, and their taxonomic implications. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan, 26:383-395(1985).
Nakase, T. and M. Suzuki. The ubiquinone system in strains of species in the ballistospore-forming yeast genera Sporidiobolus, Sporobolomyces and Bullera. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 32:251-258(1986).
Oyaizu, H. and K. Komagata. Chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characterization of the strains of species in the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga complex. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 27:57-107(1981).
Sugiyama, J., M. Fukagawa, S-W. Chiu and K. Komagata. Cellular carbohydrate composition, DNA base composition, ubiquinone systems, diazonium blue B color test in the genera Rhodosporidium, Leucosporidium, Rhodotorula and related basidiomycetous yeasts. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 31:519-550(1985).
Sugiyama, J., M. Itoh, Y. Katayama, Y. Yamaoka, K. Ando, M. Kakishima and H. Kuraishi. Ubiquinone systems in fungi. II. Distribution of ubiquinones in smut and rust fungi. Mycologia 80:115-120(1988).
Suzuki, M. and T. Nakase. Heterogeneity of ubiquinone systems in the genus Sporothrix. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 32, 165-168(1986).
Yamada, Y., K. Aida and T. Uemura. Enzymatic studies on the oxidation of sugar and sugar alcohol. V. Ubiquinone of acetic acid bacteria and its relation to classification of genera Gluconobacter and Acetobacter, especially of the so-called intermediate strain. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 15: 181-196(1969).
Yamada, Y., I. Banno, J. A. von Arx and J. P. van der Walt. Taxonomic significance of the coenzyme Q system in yeasts and yeast-like fungi. In G. S. De Hoog, M. Th. Smith and A. C. M. Weijman (ed.), The Expanding Realm of Yeast-like Fungi, pp. 299-308, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam (1987).
Yamada, Y. and K. Kondo. Coenzyme Q system in the classification of the yeast genera Rhodotorula and Cryptococcus and the yeast-like genera Sporobolomyces and Rhodosporidium. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 19:59-77 (1973).
Yamada, Y., M. Nojiri, M. Matsuyama and K. Kondo. Coenzyme Q system in the ascosporogenous yeast genera Debaryomyces, Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, and Endomycopsis. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 22, 325-337 (1976).
REFERENCES TO THE TABLE
1) Fukushima, K., K. Nishimura, K. Takizawa, A. Sano, G. M. Campos Takaki, S. Tateno, K. Takeo and M. Miyaji. Ubiquinone systems of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Blastomyces dermatitidis. Jpn. J. Med. Mycol. 32:1-4 (1991).
2) Kreisel, H. and M. Schubert. Ubichinone in einigen filamentosen Pilzen. Zentralbl. Mikrobiol. 145:91-94 (1990).
3) Kuraishi, H., M. Aoki, M. Itoh, Y. Katayama, J. Sugiyama and J. I. Pitt. Distribution of ubiquinones in Penicillium and related genera. Mycol. Res. 95:705-711 (1991).
4) Kuraishi, H., M. Itoh, N. Tsuzaki, Y. Katayama, T. Yokoyama and J. Sugiyama. The ubiquinone system as a taxonomic aid in Aspergillus and its teleomorphs. In R. A. Samson and J. I. Pitt (ed.), Modern Concepts in Penicillium and Aspergillus Classification, pp. 407-420, Plenum Press, New York (1990).
5) Kuraishi, H., Y. Katayama-Fujimura, J. Sugiyama and T. Yokoyama. Ubiquinone systems in fungi I. Distribution of ubiquinones in the major families of ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes, and their taxonomic implications. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 26:383-395 (1985).
6) Moore, R. T. and A. M. Flinn. Ubiquinone and urease distribution in Taphrina and Symbiotaphrina. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 59: 45-47 (1991).
7) Nakagiri, A. Coenzyme Q systems in the genus Corollospora and allied marine fungi. IFO Res. Comm. 15:97-104 (1991).
8) Schubert, M. and H. Kreisel. Ubiquinones in selected species of Penicillium and related teleomorph genera. Persoonia 14:341-346 (1991).
9) Sugiyama, J., M. Itoh, Y. Katayama, Y. Yamaoka, Y. Ando, M. Kakishima and H. Kuraishi. Ubiquinone systems in fungi. II. Distribution of ubiquinones in smut and rust fungi. Mycologia 80:115-120 (1988).
10) Sugiyama, J., K. Nagai and K. Komagata. Ubiquinone systems in strains of species in the black yeast genera Phaeococcomyces, Exophiala, Hortaea, and Rhinocladiella. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 33:197-204 (1987).
11) Suzuki, M. and T. Nakase. Heterogeneity of ubiquinone systems in the genus Sporothrix. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 32:165-168 (1986).
12) Yamada, Y., I. Banno, J. A. von Arx and J. P. van der Walt. Taxonomic significance of the coenzyme Q system in yeasts and and yeast-like fungi. In DeHoog, G. S., M. Th. Smith and A. C. M. Weijman (ed.), The Expanding Realm of Yeast-like Fungi. pp. 299-308, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam (1987).
13) Yamada, Y., T. Ohishi and K. Kondo. The coenzyme Q system in strains of some yeasts and yeast-like fungi. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 29:51-57 (1983).
14) Yamatoya, K., J. Sugiyama and H. Kuraishi. Electrophoretic comparison of enzymes as a chemotaxonomic aid among Aspergillus taxa: (2) Aspergillus sect. Flavi. In R. A. Samson and J. I. Pitt (ed.), Modern Concepts in Penicillium and Aspergillus Classification. pp. 395-405, Plenum Press, New York, (1990).