IEGM Guid
Strain Catalogue of the Regional Specialised Collection of Alkanotrophic
Microorganisms of IEGM. Editor I.B.Ivshina. Institute of Ecology and
Genetics of Microorganisms, Urals Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. -
M.: "Nauka", 1994. - 166 p.
ISBN 5-7691-0468-6
The first catalogue of the specialised collection of IEGM contains
information on the history of more than 400 strains of alkanotrophic
microorganisms maintained, their specific features, nutrient media, and
preservation conditions. There is a list of literature relevant to questions
on taxonomy and biological peculiarities of collection cultures. Of great
value in the IEGM collection are the type strains of the majority of
recognized species of Rhodococcus, Gordona, Micrococcus and Brachybacterium.
The prominent part of the collection strains belongs to the representatives
of genus Rhodococcus Zopf 1891, family Mycobacteriaceae Chester 1897, order
Actinomycetales Buchanan 1917 isolated from different natural and industrial
sources of contrast ecological regions, and possess the great functional
diversity.
The major biochemical and ecological property of rhodococci is to accumulate
natural and anthropogenic gaseous n-alkanes (propane, n-butane), liquid
hydrocarbons and to transform them into biomass. They are constant and
dominant components of natural biocenosis of oil pollution. Many rhodococci
representatives are valuable as unique sources of immunomodulators,
biosurfactants, specific transforming systems.
The catalogue is intended for use by a wide range of specialists in many
spheres of present microbiology and biotechnology, and can be used as a
reference guide for the correct choice of the appropriate strain.
Compiled by I.B.Ivshina, T.N.Kamenskikh, Y.E.Lyapunov
Edited by I.B.Ivshina,
Chief of the Regional Specialised Collection of Alkanotrophic
Microorganisms, IEGM
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Regional Specialised Collection of Alkanotrophic Microorganisms as
the Depository Genefund and the Source of Strains, Perspective for
Biotechnology and Environment Protection
Preservation and Storage of Strains
Supply of Cultures
How to Use the Catalogue
Designations for the Methods of Preservation and Storage
Further Reading
THE CATALOGUE OF STRAINS
Abbreviations for Collections and Organizations Used in the Catalogue
List of Strains of IEGM Collection
Synonyms and Obsolete Invalid Names
Used Substrates
Nutrient Media
Numerical Index of IEGM Strains
Bibliography
Authors Index
REGIONAL SPECIALIZED COLLECTION OF ALKANOTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS AS THE
DEPOSITORY OF GENEFUND AND THE SOURCE OF STRAINS, PERSPECTIVE FOR
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
'...The more we penetrate into the essence of the circular work of
microorganisms, the more we are convinced of that the life of our
planet is inseparably connected with their activity, without which
everything would have come to a standstill and in the outer space
the lifeless land would rush about.'
B.L.Isachenko
In the recent decades of impetuous development of biotechnologies and
microbiological science, especially its applied sections, the culture
collections of microorganisms of practical significance are gaining ever
increasing value and even the tendency to evaluate them in monetary symbols
have appeared. Nowadays when degradation of biological diversity is in full
swing and goes on at rapid rates "...ex situ collections are the mechanism
by which microbial diversity is secured and made available for exploitation
and study by man" [1].
The process of formation of the microbial culture collections and their
information data bank, that started at the beginning of the current century,
is intensively developing, comprising many countries of the world. The
existing permanent collections of microorganism cultures can be divided into
three categories: 1) complex (service or public), where standard cultures of
present well-known microorganism species are being collected and studied
with the aim of systematization and development of classification schemes
and methods for their identification; 2) specialised (collections of the
institutions), intended for the storage of microorganisms of a certain
taxonomic group in an active state and their valuable biotechnological
features; 3) private (research, more often monographic), that are intended
for storage of large set of strains of definite species for usage mainly in
strictly specialised scientific research projects [2, 3].
The aim of all collections is the maintenance of viable intact cells of
microorganisms and preservation of their initial biological features. The
raison d'etre of culture collections is to provide the continuity in the
transmission of various genetic resources [4] to investigators. In this
connection the usefulness of various culture collections and considerable
material value of preserving microbial resources is evident.
In our country, work in the field of strain collection and acquistion of
biological information is being conducted in the context of the state
scientific technical programmes "Biotechnology of Environment Protection",
"Means of Providing the Investigations of Physical-Chemical Biology and
Biotechnology" and "Microbial Resources for Biotechnology", whose purpose is
the creation of decentralized banks of viable cultures and banks of
information on them, that provide a service to users and are specialised
sections of a wide network of interacting microbial collections both in the
country and abroad [5-7].
An example of such specialised cell of a wide net of microbial collection is
the Regional Specialised Collection of Alkanotrophic Microorganisms of IEGM,
which is specialised in the maintenance of practically valuable cultures
able to assimilate gaseous n-alkanes (propane, n-butane) and liquid
hydrocarbons as the sole source of carbon and energy. It is a part of the
Laboratory of Alkanotrophic Microorganisms of the Institute of Ecology and
Genetics of Microorganisms, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
(IEGM UB RAS). The basis for the development of the collection was the
author's collection of alkanotrophic microorganisms by the laboratory
collaborations, which was started in 1975 in connection with the study in
the given group of organisms in respect of their use as bioindicators of oil
and gas fields and oil pollution. Due to extensive field work and with the
agreement of the industrial institutions, the laboratory has at its disposal
various and extensive natural material. In this connection the microbial
gene bank of specialised collection is continuously replenished by strains
newly isolated from natural substrates. The idea behind of sampling by
taxonomic and functional criteria is their potential value for work on
biotechnology and environment protection.
Among the microorganisms which oxidize natural and anthropogenic
hydrocarbons and which are active participants in biogeochemical processes
of the biosphere, contributing to producing a hydrocarbon-free atmosphere
for the Earth, one of the main places belongs to the genus Rhodococcus,
which represents an actinomycetic line of procaryotic evolution. They are
constant and dominant components of natural biocenosis of oil pollutions. In
this connection the expediency and necessity of the usage of definite
species of alkanotrophic rhodococci in the system of biomonitoring of
hydrocarbon pollution are evident. Under natural conditions they realize
L-tactics, reveal diauxotrophic features, monooxygenase, dioxygenase,
nitrogenase, nitroreductase and hydrogenase activities, the ability for
psychrotrophy and oligo-energophily. Most of the representatives have
potential as producers of valuable substances and agents of chemical
transformations.
The Laboratory has now gained the unique experience of work with cultures of
alkanotrophic microorganisms, in particular,
- methods were developed for the isolation and cultivation of pure cultures
of alkanotrophic rhodococci;
- the regularities of their distribution in natural environment and their
geochemical activity were studied ;
- new information was obtained on structural and functional alterations of
rhodococci in the presence of n-alkanes and on antibiotic tolerance and the
antigenic structure of rhodococci cultivated on different media;
- a method was developed of obtaining (and a bank created) for obtaining
specific polyclonal immune sera against the majority of well-known
rhodococci species (and also micrococci, that are the dominant forms of
microflora attending alkanotrophic rhodococci), and highly sensitive methods
of immunochemical analysis for rapid and reliable Rhodococcus spp. and
Micrococcus spp. identification in pure cultures and mixed natural
populations were recommended;
- optimum methods of preservation of collection and newly isolated cultures
were selected;
- according to the recommendations of the Guidelines for the Establishment
and Operation of Collections of Cultures of Microorganisms [8], a duplicate
collection of lyophilized Rhodococcus spp. cultures was created (the
predicted duration of preservation of lyophilized Rhodococcusstrains is 5.0
- 32.8 years).
Data obtained on the physiological-biochemical peculiarities of rhodococci
are evidence for the originality of their metabolic organization, as
revealed by the number and variety of relations with the environment, and in
their different metabolic activities. The potential of rhodococci as useful
sources of enzymes, vitamins and biopolymers, and destroyers and
transformers of xenobiotics shows the necessity for further profound study
of their biology and systematics.
Significant specific proportion in the total number of strains, stored in
IEGM collection, belongs to the representatives of Rhodococcus Zopf 1891
genus, family Mycobacteriaceae Chester 1897, order Actinomycetales Buchanan
1917, isolated from various natural and industrial sources (underground and
surface waters, soils, grounds, snow cover, air) of contrasting ecological
regions (Pre-Urals and West Siberia, Ulianovsk and Krasnoyarsk Territory,
etc.). The latter is particularly important, as ecological situation and the
source of isolation of microbial cultures determine not only the variety of
phenotypes of their species, but also the existence of such forms of
variability as can indicate the differences in genotypes. It must be noted
that thorough collection of a large number of strains of the same taxonomic
group, isolated from different natural-climatic regions, and their
accessibility offer new potential for the development of qualitatively new
methodology and new concepts in microorganism systematics [9].
The collection comprises nearly 1000 safely stored strains of alkanotrophic
microorganisms. Widely represented are extreme forms (psychrotrophs, halo-,
thermo-, baro- and osmotolerants), demonstrating considerable potential for
industrial use; strains degrading various classes of widely spread organic
contaminants; strains which are active producers of new biosurfactants,
which have advantages over the currently used synthetic detergents and that
have potential for the purification of biotopes from hydrocarbon
accumulations, for the intensification of microbiological methods of
increasing oil production and for the solution of many industrial and
ecological problems.
The collection has at its disposal the type strains of the majority of
well-known Rhodococcus, Gordona, Micrococcus and Brachybacterium species,
which were received at different times from the museum of bacterial cultures
of the department of industrial microorganism physiology of the
D.K.Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine (IMV AS of Ukraine). As a result of cooperation of two institutes
(IEGM UB RAS and IMV AS of Ukraine), the identification of a large set of
cultures from IMV using methods of immunodiffusion assay and the comparison
of its results with identification of the given strains by traditional
methods of bacterial taxonomy was conducted earlier (1980-1985). The results
of immunochemical identification of the cultures were summarized in a series
of scientific publications. A number of strains from IMV, characterized
using immunochemical criteria, was included in present Catalogue.
Conducted systematic revision of the maintained valuable genefund, that was
followed by the performance of a large number of experimental investigations
to prove the species-specificity and initial activity of collection strains
resulted in compiling computerized culture Catalogue of specialised
collection of alkanotrophic microorganisms of IEGM (in Russian and English)
in the form of database available for usage in the International
communication networks, particularly, Microbial Strain Data Network - MSDN,
Cambridge, U.K., by Russian Department of MSDN (Institute of Biochemistry
and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences), which
provide the electronic communication between the collaborating organizations
and MSDN. Detailed selection of well-known RKC Code [10, 11] widely used
for digital data encoding and their further control by IBM was used for the
preparation of information characterizing the collection fund. Initial
information on the maintaining microbiological resources in the collection
was published in the summary "Microorganism Culture Guide" [12].
At present the permanent collection of IEGM, that has at its disposal
qualified staff with a valuable and original methodical experience and
practical knowledge of the studied and preserved microorganisms and possible
means of their utilization, and provides the following scientific and
information service:
- collection, detailed study, qualified preservation of bacterial authentic
strains, that utilize maximum reduced hydrocarbon substrates, and provision
of continuity in the transmission of various sets of strains of defined
species to the investigators in order to use them in special
scientific-research and biotechnological projects;
- supply of microorganism cultures on requests for educational, scientific
and industrial purposes both inside the country and abroad;
- provision of valuable information on the maintained cultures for persons
and institutions taking interest in it;
- provision of service on strain taxonomy assay using modern hemotaxonomy
and immunochemical methods of bacterial diagnostics alongside traditional
methods;
- provision of working space for training in the methods of isolation,
cultivation and identification of alkanotrophic microorganisms;
- consultations on the problems of isolation, taxonomy, biological
peculiarities and storage of the maintained cultures;
- screening of microorganisms with the predetermined properties.
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF STRAINS
Assured storage of collection genefund cultures in a viable state with
particular features is provided mainly by: (i) the traditional method of
subcultivation on rich and synthetic hydrocarbon media and (ii) by method of
vacuum drying of bacteria in frozen state (in lyophilized form in soldered
ampules at 4 C after the culture growth on diluted beef-extract agar and
mineral medium in presence of n-alkanes C3-C4; C10-C16).
On the basis of the ability of genus Rhodococcus to form under oligotrophic
conditions rested forms and their potential resistance to natural drying, as
the useful way of rhodococci preservation for 1-2 years without their
phenotypic feature alteration it is recommended to use a tested method of
sterile maintaining of Rhodococcus spp. on millipore filters, superimposed
on the surface of nutrient media followed by the membrane removal with grown
cells and storing in closed bottles at 4 C. Tested methods of rhodococci
preservation on agar under liquid paraffin, at immobilized state in quartz
sand after the 1st year of storage lead to noticeable lowering of
biochemical activity of the investigated cultures and can be used for
short-term storage (up to one year).
Our observations testify that the most efficient and reliable means of
long-term storage is lyophilization of Rhodococcus with alkanotrophic type
of metabolism in sucrose-gelatin agar with the consequent cell reactivation
in 0.5% NaCl.
Lyophilization is performed in laboratory freeze-dryer OE-960 (Hungary).
Lyophilized cultures are stored in refrigerators at 4-12 C.
Each strain is stored by two or three methods.
SUPPLY OF CULTURES
The assignment of cultures listed in present publication of Catalogue is
provided in accordance with generally accepted regulations [13, 14] on the
basis of an official request of organizations/customers stating their
account in bank or by the equivalent exchange.
Species designation and the number of the inquired collection strains must
be indicated in accordance with the present Catalogue of strains.
Orders must be addressed:
Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms
Urals Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Regional Specialised Alkanotrophic Microorganism Collection
13 Golev Street, 614081 Perm, Russia
Phone: (3422) 258552, (3422) 326295
Fax: (3422) 643674
E.mail: mike@iegm.perm.su
Bank account to pay in hard currency.
BENEFICIARY: PERMCOMBANK, PERM, RUSSIA
IN FAVOUR OF: Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Urals
Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
TO ACCOUNT: 107040640
BANK: BANK OF NEW-YORK, 48 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10286, USA
ACCOUNT: 890-0058-919 (the number of Permcombank correspondence account in
the BANK of NEW-YORK)
HOW TO USE THE CATALOGUE
The first edition of the Catalogue includes the description of the history
of 402 strains described in details, their specific features potentially
significant for biotechnology, the conservation and storing conditions,
recipes of nutrient media and bibliography related to the problems of
taxonomy and biological peculiarities of collection cultures.
Scientific names of various groups of organisms listed in the present
Catalogue, are stated in accordance with regulations of bacterial
nomenclature, accepted in 1980 [15-17] and taking into account specialised
guides [18, 19] and original publications [20-22].
Latin names of taxa are arranged in alphabetic order, and the strains of one
species are enumerated in their increasing numbers in IEGM collection (with
designation in letters: AC - actinomycetes, BT - bacteria). Type strain is
designated - Type.
Below are the examples of information records on the collection strains with
a brief explanation.
Gordona rubropertinctus {1} (Hefferan 1904) Stackebrandt, Smida et Collins
1989 {2}
AC {3} 95 {4}
Type {5} <-- Ivshina, I.B. IEGM, ATCC 14352 {6} <-- Nesterenko, O.A. IMV,
ATCC 14352. {7} (VKM Ac-1016; IMV Ac-746; ATCC 14352; DSM 43197; IMET 7277;
JCM 3204; NCIMB 9664; Gordon, R.E., 154; Goodfellow, M, N4). {8} Received
as: Rhodococcus rubropertinctus. {9} Synonym: Nocardia rubropertincta
(Hefferan 1904) Waksman et Henrici 1948, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
(Hefferan 1904) Goodfellow et Alderson 1979 {10} Type. {11} Ex: soil. {12}
(Medium 2, 28 C, F-3, S-4) {14} (3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 34, 50, 59, 65, 91)
{15}
Rhodococcus luteus {1} (Sohngen 1913) Nesterenko et al. 1982 {2}
AC {3} 43 {4}
Type {5} <-- Ivshina, I.B. IEGM, IMV 385 {6} <-- Nesterenko, O.A. IMV, IMV
385. {7} (VKM Ac-594; IMV Ac-385; ATCC 35014; DSM 43673; JCM 6162; NCIMB
11743). {8} Ex: oil-polluted soil, {12} oil-gas field, Poltava region,
Ukraine. {13} (Medium 2, 28 C, F-3, S-4) {14} (4, 5, 7, 10, 19, 28, 30,
83) {15}
Explanation to the scheme of construction of Catalogue:
(1) Valid names of genus, species of bacteria. All invalid names are given
in italics.
(2) Author(s) who described and redescribed the species and the year of
validation according to the lists of the accepted names.
(3) Designation of the microbial group; bacteria, BT; actinomycetes, AC.
(4) Strain number in the collection.
(5) Type strain for a given species.
(6) Collection (its abbreviation is given), person and/or organization from
where the strain was obtained, under what number or designation.
(7) History of the strain in the chronological order; the movement of the
strain is indicated by the arrow <--.
(8) Parentheses represent analogue numbers of the given strain in other
collections with regard to their catalogues, the names of well-known
investigators, designation, sometimes the name of the strain of their
working collections may also be indicated here
(9) The denomination under which the strain was delivered to IEGM collection
(10) Synonyms and old invalid names of a given strain. These names are
included in alphabetic order in the list, which is presented after the basic
text of Catalogue, with the reference to the corresponding valid specific
name
(11) The given strain was the type strain for the species with the old name.
(12) The substrate of isolation.
(13) Geographical location of strain isolation.
(14) Nutrient medium and strain cultivation temperature; methods of storage
and conservation, used in IEGM collection. Medium number corresponds to the
original number in the list of nutrient media, presented in Catalogue.
Designation in letters and figures corresponds to the methods of storing and
conservation listed in conventional designation of these methods, that are
further presented.
(15) The bibliographic reference: the number corresponds to the ordinal
number in the list of bibliography of collection strains, presented in the
given Catalogue.
DESIGNATIONS FOR THE METHODS OF PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
S-4. Subculturing on agar slants
S-8. Subculturing on agar slants under tap water
F-3. Freeze-drying of cultures from dense nutrient medium in sucrose-gelatin
agar
We express gratitude to those who helped us during the work under first
Catalogue. We consider it to be our duty to express thankfulness to
L.V.Kalakoutskii, D.Sc., RAS Corresponding Member, Chief VKM IBPhM RAS and
L.I.Evtushenko, C.Sc. for their valuable consultations and advice.
This is the first edition of the Strain Catalogue of specialised resource
collection of IEGM, therefore we are far from the confidence in the fact
that the given Catalogue is free of shortcomings. We will meet any
constructive remarks with thanks and will take them into consideration in
further work.
FURTHER READING
1. Microbial Diversity 21. International Union of Microbiological Societies
/ International Union of Biological Societies Action Statements. - World
Federation of Culture Collections Newsletter. 1992. N.17. P.18-20.
2. Kirsop, B. Culture Collections - Their Services to Biotechnology. -
Trends Biotechnol. 1983. V.1. N.1. P.4-8.
3. Goodfellow, M. Private Culture Collections: Satellite Resource Centers of
Future? - In: Endangered Culture Collections. Proceedings of the First and
Second International Symposia. World Federation for Culture Collections. -
Ed. R.R.Colwell. A Maryland Biotechnology Institute. Technical Publication.
1992. P.13-22.
4. Da Silva, E.J., Kalakoutskii, L.V., Song D-K. Microbial Resources. -
Impact: Sci. Soc. 1990. N.158. P.155-165.
5. Kalakoutskii, L.V. Microbial Culture Collections in Russia and the Former
USSR - the Current Situation and Future Prospects. - Trends Biotechnol.
1993. V.11. N.11(118). P.443-450.
6. Ivshina, I.B. Creation of a Network of Interacting Collections of
Microbial Cultures and Computerized Data Banks as Bases for Study and
Preservation of the Microbial Diversity. - Ekologiya. 1992. N.6. P.12-17.
7. Results of the Program Elaborations Completed. In 1992-1993 yrs. -
Inform. Bul. 1994. Vol. 2. Moscow: Bioinformservis. 37p.
8. Hawksworth, D.L., Sastramihardja, I., Kokke, R., Stevenson, R. World
Federation for Culture Collections. Guidelines for the Establishment and
Operation of Collections of Cultures of Microorganisms. U.K., Richmond.
Surrey: Simworth Press. 1990. 16p.
9. Sneath, P.H.A. Future of Numerical Taxonomy. - In: Computer-Assisted
Bacterial Systematics. - Eds. M.Fellow, D.Jones, F.G.Priest. London: Acad.
Press. 1985. P.415-431.
10. Rogosa, M., Krichevsky, M.I., Colwell, R.R. Coding Microbiological Data
for Computers. Springer-Verlag, New York. 1986. 299p.
11. McManus, C., Krichevsky, M.I. The RKC Code. Coding Microbiological Data
for Computers. Draft Version. Springer-Verlag, New York. 1991. 367p.
12. Bacterial Species Maintained in Collections of Bulgaria, Vietnam, DDR,
Mongolia, USSR, Czechoslovakia. - Biotekhnologia, Biotekhnika, Sofia.
Bulgaria. 1990. N.2-4. 28p.
13. Regulations on the Order of Storage, Handling, Issueing and Dispatching
the Cultures of Bacteria, Viruses, Rickettsia, Fungi, Protozoa, Mycoplasmas,
Bacterial Toxins, Poisons of Biological Origin. USSR Ministry of Health.
Moscow, 1980. 38p.
14. Objects of Biology and Biotechnology. Methodological Recommendations on
Legal Protection. 2-nd Edition. Ed. N.G.Rybalsky. Moscow: VNIIPI. 1990.
325p.
15. Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Eds. V.B.D.Skerman, V.McGowan,
P.H.A.Sneath. - Int.J.Syst.Bacteriol. 1980. V.30(1). P.225-420.
16. Moore, W.E.C., Cato, E.P., Moore, L.V.H. Index of the Bacterial and
Yeast Nomenclatural Changes Published in the International Journal of
Systematic Bacteriology Since the 1980 Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (1
January 1980 to 1 January 1985). - Int.J.Syst.Bacteriol. 1985. V.35.
P.382-407.
17. Jeffrey, C. Biological Nomenclature. 3-rd Edition. London: Edward
Arnold. A Division of Hodder and Stoughton. 1989. 86p.
18. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol.1. Eds. N.R.Krieg,
J.G.Holt. 1984. Vol.2. Eds. P.H.A.Sneath, N.S.Mair, M.E.Sharpe, J.G.Holt.
1986. Vol.3. Eds. J.T.Staley, M.P.Bryant, N.Pfenning, J.G.Holt. 1989.
Vol.4. Eds. S.T.Williams, M.E.Sharpe, J.G.Holt. 1989. Baltimore, Williams
and Wilkins Company.
19. The Prokaryotes. 2-nd Edition. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria:
Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Application. Eds. A.Balows,
H.G.Truper, M.Dworkin, W.Harder, K.H.Schleifer. Berlin. Heidelberg:
Springer-Verlag, New York. 1991. Vol.1-4.
20. Goodfellow, M., Minnikin, D.E. The Genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus. -
In: The Prokaryotes. 1-st Edition. A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and
Identification of Bacteria. - Eds. M.P.Starr, H.Stolp, H.G.Truper, A.Balows,
H.G.Schlegel. Berlin. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, New York. 1981. Vol.2.
Ch.155. P.2016-2027.
21. Kandler, O., Schleifer, K.H. Systematics of Bacteria. - Progr. Bot.
Morphol., Physiol., Genet., Taxon., Geobot. 1980. Vol.42. P.234-252.
22. Stackebrandt, E. What is an Actinomycete? - The Actinomycetes. 1982.
Vol.16, N.4. P.132-137.
Work on the Catalogue was funded by Urals Branch of Russian Academy of
Sciences, Russian Fund of the Fundamental Investigation according to the
Project 93-04-12191 and Perm Regional Committee of Environmental Protection.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR COLLECTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS USED IN THE CATALOGUE
ATCC American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville,
MD. 20852, USA
CBS Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 273, Oosterstraat 1,
NL-3740 AG Baarn, The Netherlands
CCM Czechoslovak Collection of Microorganisms, J.E. Purkyne University,
Trida Obrancu Miru 10, CS-662 43, Brno, Czech Republic
CCRC Culture Collection and Research Center Food Industry Research and
Development Institute, Taiwan
CCUG Culture Collection University of Goteborg, Department of Clinical
Bacteriology, Guldhedsg 10, S-413 46. Goteborg, Sweden
CIP Collection de l'Institute Pasteur, 28, rue du Docteur Roux,
F-75724, Paris, Cedex 15, France
DSM Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, GmbH,
Mascheroder Weg 1 b. D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany
IAM Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo, Japan
IBPhM Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian
Academy of Sciences, 142292. Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
IEGM Regional Specialised Alkanotrophic Microorganism Collection,
Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Urals Branch,
Russian Academy of Sciences, 614600. Perm, Russia
IFO Culture Collection of the Institute for Fermentation, 17-85
Jugo-Hohmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan
IMET Nationale Kulturensammlung von Mikroorganismen, Zentralinstitut fur
Mikrobiologie und Experimentelle Therapie, Beutenbergstrasse 11,
6900. Jena, Germany
IMV D.K.Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, 252143. Kiev, Ukraine
IMRU Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers - The State University of New
Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903, USA
INMI Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117811.
Moscow, Russia
INMIB Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of Byelorussia,
220733. Minsk, Byelorussia
JCM Japan Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Physical and
Chemical Research, Saitama 351-01, Japan
KCC Culture Collection of Actinomycetes, Kaken Chemical Company, Ltd.,
6-42, Jujodai 1-chome, Kita-ku, 114 Tokyo, Japan (Collection
transferred to JCM)
NCDO National Collection of Dairy Organisms National Institute for
Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading, Berkshire, RG2 9AT, U.K.
NCFB National Collection of Food Bacteria, Institute of Food
Research, Reading Laboratory, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading,
RG6 2EF, U.K.
NCIB National Collection of Industrial Bacteria, Torry Research Station,
Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K. (see NCIMB)
NCIMB National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria Ltd., Torry
Research Station, P.O. Box 31, 135 Abbey Road, Aberdeen AB9 8DG,
Scotland, U.K.
NCTC National Collection of Type Cultures, PHLS Central Public Health
Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5HT, U.K.
NRRL ARS Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Laboratory,
U.S.Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
OUT Osaka University, Faculty of Engineering, Yamadaue, Suita City,
Osaka, Japan
VKIM All-Russian Collection of Industrial Microorganisms, Institute of
Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, 113545.
Moscow, Russia
VKM All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Biochemistry
and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences,
142292. Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia